Beekeeper is a no nonsense PostgreSQL GUI that is perfect for software engineers and analysts who need to work with PostgreSQL and want a database UI that doesn’t get in the way. If you are a hard-core database user performing performance analysis and profiling, Beekeeper Studio is probably not for you (yet).
- Each PostgreSQL instance in ClusterControl is deployed & automatically configured using our easy-to-use, point-and-click interface. You can monitor your setup, manage backups, examine your logs, add load balancers, and even view the topology; all with automated failover if something goes wrong.
- PostgreSQLTutorial.com is a website dedicated to developers and database administrators who are working on PostgreSQL database management system. We constantly publish useful PostgreSQL tutorials to keep you up-to-date with the latest PostgreSQL features and technologies. All PostgreSQL tutorials are simple, easy-to-follow and practical.
Welcome to the PostgreSQLTutorial.com website! This PostgreSQL tutorial helps you understand PostgreSQL quickly. You will learn PostgreSQL fast through many practical examples. We will show you not only problems but also how to solve them creatively in PostgreSQL.
If you are…
- Looking for learning PostgreSQL fast and easily.
- Developing applications using PostgreSQL as the back-end database management system.
- Migrating from other database management systems such as MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server to PostgreSQL.
You will find all you need to know to get started with PostgreSQL quickly and effectively here on our website.
We developed the PostgreSQL tutorial to demonstrate the unique features of PostgreSQL that make it the most advanced open-source database management system.
Getting Started with PostgreSQL
This section helps you get started with PostgreSQL by showing you how to install PostgreSQL on Windows, Linux, and macOS. You also learn how to connect to PostgreSQL using the psql tool as well as how to load a sample database into the PostgreSQL for practicing.
Basic PostgreSQL Tutorial
First, you will learn how to query data from a single table using basic data selection techniques such as selecting columns, sorting result sets, and filtering rows. Then, you will learn about the advanced queries such as joining multiple tables, using set operations, and constructing the subquery. Finally, you will learn how to manage database tables such as creating new a table or modifying an existing table’s structure.
Section 1. Querying Data
- Select – show you how to query data from a single table.
- Column aliases – learn how to assign temporary names to columns or expressions in a query.
- Order By – guide you on how to sort the result set returned from a query.
- Select Distinct – provide you a clause that removes duplicate rows in the result set.
Section 2. Filtering Data
- Where – filter rows based on a specified condition.
- Limit – get a subset of rows generated by a query.
- Fetch– limit the number of rows returned by a query.
- In – select data that matches any value in a list of values.
- Between – select data that is a range of values.
- Like – filter data based on pattern matching.
- Is Null – check if a value is null or not.
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Section 3. Joining Multiple Tables
- Joins – show you a brief overview of joins in PostgreSQL.
- Table aliases – describes how to use table aliases in the query.
- Inner Join – select rows from one table that has the corresponding rows in other tables.
- Left Join – select rows from one table that may or may not have the corresponding rows in other tables.
- Self-join – join a table to itself by comparing a table to itself.
- Full Outer Join – use the full join to find a row in a table that does not have a matching row in another table.
- Cross Join – produce a Cartesian product of the rows in two or more tables.
- Natural Join – join two or more tables using implicit join condition based on the common column names in the joined tables.
Section 4. Grouping Data
- Group By – divide rows into groups and applies an aggregate function on each.
- Having – apply conditions to groups.
Section 5. Set Operations
- Union – combine result sets of multiple queries into a single result set.
- Intersect – combine the result sets of two or more queries and returns a single result set that has the rows appear in both result sets.
- Except – return the rows in the first query that does not appear in the output of the second query.
Section 6. Grouping sets, Cube, and Rollup
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- Grouping Sets – generate multiple grouping sets in reporting.
- Cube – define multiple grouping sets that include all possible combinations of dimensions.
- Rollup – generate reports that contain totals and subtotals.
Section 7. Subquery
- Subquery – write a query nested inside another query.
- ANY – retrieve data by comparing a value with a set of values returned by a subquery.
- ALL – query data by comparing a value with a list of values returned by a subquery.
- EXISTS – check for the existence of rows returned by a subquery.
Section 8. Common Table Expressions
- PostgreSQL CTE – introduce you to PostgreSQL common table expressions or CTEs.
- Recursive query using CTEs – discuss the recursive query and learn how to apply it in various contexts.
Section 9. Modifying Data
In this section, you will learn how to insert data into a table with the
INSERT
statement, modify existing data with the UPDATE
statement, and remove data with the DELETE
statement. Besides, you learn how to use the upsert statement to merge data.- Insert – guide you on how to insert single row into a table.
- Insert multiple rows – show you how to insert multiple rows into a table.
- Update – update existing data in a table.
- Update join – update values in a table based on values in another table.
- Delete – delete data in a table.
- Upsert – insert or update data if the new row already exists in the table.
Section 10. Transactions
- PostgreSQL Transactions – show you how to handle transactions in PostgreSQL using BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK statements.
Section 11. Import & Export Data
You will learn how to import and export PostgreSQL data from and to CSV file format using the copy command.
- Import CSV file into Table – show you how to import CSV file into a table.
- Export PostgreSQL Table to CSV file – show you how to export tables to a CSV file.
Section 12. Managing Tables
In this section, you will start exploring the PostgreSQL data types and showing you how to create new tables and modify the structure of the existing tables.
- Data types – cover the most commonly used PostgreSQL data types.
- Create table – guide you on how to create a new table in the database.
- Select Into & Create table as– shows you how to create a new table from the result set of a query.
- Auto-increment column with SERIAL – uses SERIAL to add an auto-increment column to a table.
- Sequences – introduce you to sequences and describe how to use a sequence to generate a sequence of numbers.
- Identity column – show you how to use the identity column.
- Alter table – modify the structure of an existing table.
- Rename table – change the name of the table to a new one.
- Add column – show you how to use add one or more columns to an existing table.
- Drop column – demonstrate how to drop a column of a table.
- Change column data type – show you how to change the data of a column.
- Rename column – illustrate how to rename one or more columns of a table.
- Drop table – remove an existing table and all of its dependent objects.
- Truncate table – remove all data in a large table quickly and efficiently.
- Temporary table – show you how to use the temporary table.
- Copy a table – show you how to copy a table to a new one.
Section 13. Understanding PostgreSQL Constraints
- Primary key – illustrate how to define a primary key when creating a table or add a primary key to an existing table.
- Foreign key – show you how to define foreign key constraints when creating a new table or add foreign key constraints for existing tables.
- CHECK constraint – add logic to check value based on a Boolean expression.
- UNIQUE constraint – make sure that values in a column or a group of columns unique across the table.
- NOT NULL constraint – ensure values in a column are not
NULL
.
Section 14. PostgreSQL Data Types in Depth
- Boolean – store
TRUE
andFALSE
values with the Boolean data type. - CHAR, VARCHAR and TEXT – learn how to use various character types including
CHAR
,VARCHAR
, andTEXT
. - NUMERIC – show you how to use
NUMERIC
type to store values that precision is required. - Integer – introduce you various integer types in PostgreSQL including
SMALLINT
,INT
andBIGINT
. - DATE – introduce the
DATE
data type for storing date values. - Timestamp – understand timestamp data types quickly.
- Interval – show you how to use interval data type to handle a period of time effectively.
- TIME – use the
TIME
datatype to manage the time of day values. - UUID – guide you on how to use
UUID
datatype and how to generateUUID
values using supplied modules. - Array – show you how to work with the array and introduces you to some handy functions for array manipulation.
- hstore – introduce you to data type which is a set of key/value pairs stored in a single value in PostgreSQL.
- JSON – illustrate how to work with JSON data type and shows you how to use some of the most important JSON operators and functions.
- User-defined data types – show you how to use the
CREATE DOMAIN
andCREATE TYPE
statements to create user-defined data types.
Section 15. Conditional Expressions & Operators
CASE
– show you how to form conditional queries withCASE
expression.COALESCE
– return the first non-null argument. You can use it to substituteNULL
by a default value.NULLIF
– returnNULL
if the first argument equals the second one.CAST
– convert from one data type into another e.g., from a string into an integer, from a string into a date.
Section 16. PostgreSQL Utilities
- psql commands – show you the most common psql commands that help you interact with psql faster and more effectively.
Section 17. PostgreSQL Recipes
- How to compare two tables – describe how to compare data in two tables in a database.
- How to delete duplicate rows in PostgreSQL – show you various ways to delete duplicate rows from a table.
- How to generate a random number in a range – illustrate how to generate a random number in a specific range.
- EXPLAIN statement– guide you on how to use the
EXPLAIN
statement to return the execution plan of a query. - PostgreSQL vs. MySQL – compare PostgreSQL with MySQL in terms of functionalities.
Advanced PostgreSQL Tutorial
This advanced PostgreSQL tutorial covers the advanced concepts including stored procedures, indexes, views, triggers, and database administrations.
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PostgreSQL PL/pgSQL
This PostgreSQL stored procedures section shows you step by step how to develop PostgreSQL user-defined functions using PL/pgSQL procedural language.
PostgreSQL Triggers
This section provides you with PostgreSQL trigger concept and shows how to manage triggers in PostgreSQL.
PostgreSQL Views
We will introduce you to the database views concept and show you how to manage views such as create, alter, and remove views from the database.
PostgreSQL Indexes
PostgreSQL indexes are effective tools to enhance database performance. Indexes help the database server find specific rows much faster than it could do without indexes.
PostgreSQL Administration
PostgreSQL administration covers the most important activities for PostgreSQL database server including roles and databases management, backup and restore.
In a production environment, no matter how large or small your PostgreSQL database may be, regular back is an essential aspect of database management. In this article, you will learn how to backup and restore a PostgreSQL database.
We assume that you already have a working installation of the PostgreSQL database system. If not, read our following articles to install PostgreSQL Tone generator 6 01 download. on your Linux distribution.
Let’s get started…
Backup a Single PostgreSQL Database
PostgreSQL provides the pg_dump utility to help you back up databases. It generates a database file with SQL commands in a format that can be easily restored in the future.
To back up, a PostgreSQL database, start by logging into your database server, then switch to the Postgres user account, and run pg_dump as follows (replace
tecmintdb
with the name of the database you want to backup). By default, the output format is a plain-text SQL script file.The pg_dump supports other output formats as well. You can specify the output format using the
-F
option, where c
means custom format archive file, d
means directory format archive, and t
means tar format archive file: all formats are suitable for input into pg_restore.Postgresql Guide
For example:
To dump output in the directory output format, use the
-f
flag (which is used to specify the output file) to specify the target directory instead of a file. The directory which will be created by pg_dump Visualarq crack rhino 6. must not exist.To back up all PostgreSQL databases, use the pg_dumpall tool as shown.
You can restore the dump using psql as shown.
Restoring a PostgreSQL Database
To restore a PostgreSQL database, you can use the psql or pg_restore utilities. psql is used to restore text files created by pg_dump whereas pg_restore is used to restore a PostgreSQL database from an archive created by pg_dump in one of the non-plain-text formats (custom, tar, or directory).
Here is an example of how to restore a plain text file dump:
As mentioned above, a custom-format dump is not a script for pgsql, so it must be restored with pg_restore as shown.
Backup Large PostgreSQL Databases
If the database you are backing up is large and you want to generate a fairly smaller output file, then you can run a compressed dump where you have to filter the output of pg_dump via a compression tool such as gzip or any of your favorite:
If the database is extremely large, you can dump in parallel by dumping number_of_jobs tables simultaneously using the
-j
flag, as shown.It is important to note that the parallel dump option reduces the time of the dump, but on the other hand, it also increases the load on the database server.
Backup Remote PostgreSQL Databases
pg_dump is a regular PostgreSQL client tool, it supports operations on remote database servers. To specify the remote database server pg_dump should contact, use the command-line options
-h
to specify the remote host and -p
specifies the remote port the database server is listening on. Besides, use the -U
flag to specify the database role name to connect as.Remember to replace 10.10.20.10 and 5432 and tecmintdb with your remote host IP address or hostname, database port, and database name respectively.
Ensure that the user connecting remotely has the required privileges to access the database, and the appropriate database authentication method is configured on the database server, otherwise, you will get an error like the one shown in the following screenshot.
It is also possible to dump a database directly from one server to another, use the pg_dump and psql utilities as shown.
Auto Backup PostgreSQL Database Using a Cron Job
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You can perform backups at regular intervals using cron jobs. Cron jobs are a commonly used means for scheduling various kinds of tasks to run on a server.
You can configure a cron job to automate PostgreSQL database backup as follows. Note that you need to run the following commands as the PostgreSQL superuser:
Next, run the following command to edit the crontab to add a new cron job.
Copy and paste the following line at the end of the crontab. Securityspy 5 2 1 download free. You can use any of the dump formats explained above.
Save the file and exit.
The cron service will automatically start running this new job without a restart. And this cron job will run every day at midnight, it is a minimum solution to the backup task.
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For more information on how to schedule cron jobs, see: How to Create and Manage Cron Jobs on Linux
That’s it for now! It’s a good idea to make backing up data a part of your database management routine. To reach us for any questions or comments, use the feedback form below. For more information, see the pg_dump and pg_restore reference pages.